Triangles of the Neck

Posterior Triangle of the Neck

Boundaries
Trapezius muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Middle third of tje clavicle

Roof:
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

Floor:
Splenius
Levator scapulae
Scalenus medius
Scalenus anterior and first digitation of Serratus anterior may contribute to the floor.
At the apex Semispinalis might appear


Contents

Artery
Subclavian artery

Nerves
Trunks of the brachial plexus
Branches of cervical plexus

The above-mentioned contents are covered by prevertebral fascia
Note that a surgoen wont cause injury to these structures if he does not breach the overlying prevertebral fascia.

Accessory nerve (CNXI)

Lymph nodes
Occipital (2 or 3 in number)
Supraclavicular

Muscle
Inferior belly of omohyoid

Deep Fascia of the Neck

Surrounds the neck like a collar and consists of four parts:

1- Investing Layer
Splits around Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Attachments:
Anteriorly, to the hyoid bone.
Posteriorly, it blends with Ligamentum nuchae.
Superiorly, to the lower border of the mandible, mastoid process, superior nuchal line and external occipital protuberance.
Inferiorly, to acromion, spine of the scapula, clavicle and manubrium of the sternum.

Between the angle of Mandible and styloid process the fascia splits to enclose the parotod gland. The posterlayer forms the stylomandiblar ligament


2- Prevertebral
Firm tough memebrane that lies in front of the prevertebral muscles
extends laterally in front of the scalenus anterior, medius and levtor scapulae
Fadesbehind Trapezius muscle.

3- Pretracheal
Lies deep to the infrahyoid muscles
Splites to enclose the thyroid gland and attaches to the second, third, and fourth tracheal rings.

4- Carotid Sheath
Surrounds the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve. Attaches superiorly to the base of the skull and inferiorly blends with the adventitia of the aortic arch.

 

 

General topography

The hard palate lies at the level of C1 (anterior arch of atlas vertebra).
The lower border of mandible lies between C2 and C3 vertebrae.
The pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage (C6).
The hyoid bone lies at the level of C3 and is connected to the mandible by mylohyoid muscle.

In front of the lower phaynx and oesophagus lie the larynx and trachea.

Extensor musculature lies behind the vertebrae and supplied by dorsal rami of cervical nerves.
Flexor musculature lies anterior to the vertebrae and behind the pharynx and supplied by ventral rami of spinal nerves.

On each side of the pharynx is the carotid sheath containing :
The common carotid artery, the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein with cervical sympathetic trunk lying posteriorly.

The investing layer of deep cervical fascia surrounds the neck like a collar and attaches to the base of the skull superiorly and the clavicle and root of te neck inferiorly.

De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (On the fabric of the human body in seven books) is a textbook of human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) in 1543.
The book is based on his Paduan lectures, during which he deviated from common practice by dissecting a corpse to illustrate what he was discussing. It presents a careful examination of the organs and the complete structure of the human body. This would not have been possible without the many advances that had been made during the Renaissance, including both the artistic developments and the technical development of printing. Because of this, he was able to produce illustrations superior to any that had been produced up to then.
Fabrica rectified some of Galen's worst errors, including the notion that the great blood vessels originated from the liver. Even with his improvements, however, Vesalius clung to some of Galen's errors, such as the idea that there was a different type of blood flowing through veins than arteries. It was not until William Harvey's work on the circulation of the blood that this misconception of Galen would be rectified in Europe.
Vesalius had the work published at the age of 28, taking great pains to ensure its quality. The illustrations are of great artistic merit and are generally attributed by modern scholars to the "studio of Titian" rather than Johannes Stephanus of Calcar, who provided drawings for Vesalius' earlier tracts, but in a much inferior style. The woodcuts were greatly superior to the illustrations in anatomical atlases of the day, which were often made by anatomy professors themselves. The woodcuts were transported to Basel, Switzerland, as Vesalius wished that the work be published by one of the foremost printers of the time, Joannis Oporini. The illustrations were also created using engraved copper plates (called intaglio), which allowed for very fine detail (see 'Scientific Revolutions' by Brian S. Baigrie, pages 40-49 for more information and a translation of Vesalius' preface).
The success of Fabrica ensured the health of Vesalius' coffers, and in time, fame. He was appointed physician to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Vesalius had dedicated the work to the ruler, and presented him with the first published copy (bound in silk of imperial purple, with specially hand-painted illustrations not found in any other copy). The Fabrica was republished in 1555.